tayacon.blogg.se - Bear tracks retina

MOLES has been validated in an ocular oncology setting and shows a high sensitivity for indicating malignancy.Ī3 (modified): Probable melanoma.

Tumours are diagnosed according to the sum of these five scores as: Each feature is scored 0, 1, or 2 depending on whether they are absent, borderline/uncertain, or present.

the MOLES scoring system (see below) scores five features of melanocytic choroidal tumours that are suggestive of malignancy: mushroom shape, orange pigment, large size, enlarging tumour and sub-retinal fluid.

vitreous haemorrhage is rare, occurring only if the tumour has perforated the retina.

These tumours are aggressive and often extend extra-ocularly by the time of diagnosis with a wide base but minimal thickening).

about 5% of choroidal melanomas are diffuse (i.e.

If they break through Bruch’s membrane and RPE, they can develop a mushroom (‘collar stud’) shape, which is almost pathognomic for melanoma

larger choroidal melanomas are dome-shaped, with more extensive serous retinal detachment.

documented growth (which requires sequential colour photography).

subretinal fluid, most easily seen on OCT.

clumps of orange pigment (which are hyper-autofluorescent).

there is a size overlap between choroidal naevi and choroidal melanomas with the following relative frequencies:.

larger size (i.e., thickness >2 mm and/or largest basal diameter (LBD) >6mm ).small choroidal melanomas are distinguished from naevi by:.the CHRPE lesion may (extremely rarely) develop low-grade adenocarcinoma on its surface.may show a narrow non-pigmented line at margins of lesion.solitary, flat, well-demarcated deeply-pigmented lesion (but may contain discrete non-pigmented areas called lacunae).drusen indicate chronicity so that their absence over a domed lesion is suspicious.atypical naevi are larger and dome-shaped, with or without drusen and/or traces of sub-retinal fluid orange pigment absent.typical naevi are small, flat and grey (though some are amelanotic), with a featureless surface and no sub-retinal fluid.outcome poor once metastasis occurs 1 year survival in 10-15%.genetic changes (chromosome 3 loss or BAP1 mutation).cell type and histopathological features.detection and treatment at earliest stage improves prognosis.life-threatening ocular malignancy (risk of metastatic disease).rare in Asians and very rare in Africans.1.3-8.6 cases per million per year in European-derived populations.90% are choroidal, 6% arise from the ciliary body and 4% from the iris.malignant transformation is extremely rare, although slight enlargement is observed in 46% of those followed up photographically for >3 years.single lesion or multiple grouped CHRPE (‘bear tracks)’.area of increased RPE hypertrophy and hyperpigmentation.benign congenital anomaly of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).Population studies in some ethnicities report a lower prevalence: Hispanics (2.7%), African Americans (0.6%)Ĭongenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (CHRPE) low malignant potential (annual rate of malignant transformation of a choroidal naevus estimated to be 1 in 8,845 in a white US population).20% within the macular region, 70% between macula and equator and 10% between equator and ora serrata area of increased choroidal pigmentation.Choroidal melanoma is a rare and life-threatening melanocytic cancer that can sometimes be difficult to distinguish from naevus. Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (CHRPE) has distinctive ophthalmoscopic features. The overwhelming majority are choroidal naevi, which are benign with a low risk of malignant transformation.

Known to be associated with other systemic findings such as familial adenomatous polyposis and Gardner's syndrome (intestinal polyposis, hamartoma of the skeleton, and multiple soft tissue tumors).Pigmented lesions of the choroid are a relatively common finding in the course of a routine examination of the fundus.Differential diagnosis include: choroidal melanomas, choroidal nevi, melanocytomas of the choroids, hyperplasia of the RPE, post-hemorrhage hemosiderin deposits.Fluorescein angiography demonstrates blocked choroidal fluorescence by the hypertrophied RPE and no leakage of dye.Generally located in the peripheral but may occasionally in the peripapillary region.Multiple areas of grouped CHRPE simulating the animal foot-print are also called "bear tracks".

Depigmented or hypopigmented punched-out lacunae or fenestration lesions may be evident within larger lesions.May be encircled by hyper- or hypo-pigmented halo.Well-demarcated, round, solitary or multiple gray-brown or black lesions which have flat or scalloped margins.Benign pigmented fundus lesions that commonly discovered during routine eye examination.